Assessment of Ground Water qualities of some areas of
Imphal West District of Manipur during Pre-Monsoon – 4th Phase
Nandababu Singh Laishram*
Post-Graduate Department of Chemistry, D.M. College of
Science, Imphal-795001, Manipur, India
*Corresponding Author E-mail: l.nandababu@yahoo.com
Fifteen
ground water samples (S-1 to S-15) were collected from 12 hand pumps and 3 dug
wells of Imphal West district of Manipur during pre-monsoon period(May) of
2015. They were analyzed for physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH,
TDS (total dissolved solids), electrical conductivity (EC), total alkalinity (TA)
(and hence
and H
), total
hardness (TH), Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+
and Cl-. Ground waters represented by S-1,S-2,S-10,S-11 and S-13 to
S-15 are found to be fit for drinking purpose from physicochemical analysis
point of view. But TDS values for S-3 and S-4, total alkalinity values for S-3
to S-9 andS-12, total harness value for S-8, concentration of Mg2+
for S-8, and concentrations of Na+ for S-3and S-4 are above their
corresponding acceptable limits but below the permissible limits of BIS
standard for drinking water and threshold limit of WHO (in case of Na+).
So, some suitable treatments are necessary so as to keep the
values/concentrations of the above mentioned parameters below their
corresponding acceptable limits/threshold limit of BIS standard for drinking
water and that of WHO. However, ground waters represented by S-3 to S-9 and
S-12 are fit for drinking in absence of alternate sources. All the ground
waters (S-1 to S-15) are fit for other domestic and irrigation purposes.
Further
correlation coefficient data reveals that TA shows strong positive correlations
withHCO3-,Na+ and Mg2+(r= 1, 0.892
and 0.649 respectively) but moderately strong positive correlation withCa2+(r=0.541)
showing that the total alkalinity of such ground waters is due to the presence
of NaHCO3, CaHCO3 and MgHCO3. Strong
positive correlations of TH (total hardness) with Ca2+, Mg2+and
HCO3-(r = 0.944 ,0.970 and 0.629 respectively) show that
total hardness for these different ground waters, is due to the presence of
CaHCO3 and MgHCO3.
KEYWORDS: Physicochemical parameters, drinking, irrigation,
BIS, WHO and correlation co-efficient.
INTRODUCTION:
The
population growth, all over the world, increases day by day. Consequently rate
of urbanization as well as expansion of urban areas increase leading to
decrease in many surface water bodies in numbers as well as in area 1.
This is due to the encroachment of such surface water bodies for construction
of new houses, buildings, offices, institutions, commercial areas etc.
It
leads to more demand for ground water to meet the requirements for people for
drinking, other domestic, irrigation, industrial purposes etc.
Ground
water is about 0.6% of the total global water resources and out of this, only
0.3% is extractable economically2. Such ground waters may not
always be safe for drinking, other domestic, irrigation and industrial
purposes. So, it is always necessary to monitor the qualities of such ground
water from time to time. With a view to this objective, many researchers in
different countries, had carried out extensive researches on qualities of
surface water as well as ground water so as to examine whether such surface and
ground waters are fit for drinking, other domestic, irrigation and industrial
purposes3–7.In India also, many researchers in different states, had
carried out extensive investigations on surface water and ground water
qualities for drinking, other domestic and irrigation purposes mainly 8 –
14.
The
present aim of this research work is to carry out physicochemical assessment of
ground water qualities of some areas of Imphal West district of Manipur during
pre-monsoon period (May) of 2015.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
All
the chemicals were of AR grade and were used as received. Fifteen ground water
samples (S-1to S-15) were collected in well sterilized polythene bottles of one
liter capacity each from 12 hand pumps and 3 dug wells of Imphal West district
of Manipur during pre-monsoon (May) of 2015. Different locations along with
their geographical positions (measured with a GPS instrument), are detailed
below in table – 1.
CONCLUSIONS:
Based
on the above discussion of various experimental results for different ground
water samples, the following conclusions are drawn –
(1) Ground
waters represented by S-1, S-2, S-10, S-11 and S-13 to S-15 are fit for
drinking purpose from physicochemical analysis point of view.
(2) TDS
values for S-3 and S-4, total alkalinity values for S-3 to S-9 and S-12, total
harness value for S-8, concentration of Mg2+ for S-8, and
concentrations of Na+ for S-3 and S-4 are above their corresponding
acceptable limits but below the permissible limits of BIS standard for drinking
water and threshold limit of WHO (in case of Na+). So, some suitable
treatments are necessary so as to keep the values/concentrations of the above
mentioned parameters below their corresponding acceptable limits/threshold
limit of BIS standard for drinking water and that of WHO .But ground waters
represented by S-3 to S-9 and S-12 are fit for drinking in absence of alternate
sources.
(3) All
the ground waters (S-1 to S-15) are found to be fit for other domestic and
irrigation purposes.
(4)
Na+ shows strong positive correlations with HCO3-
and Cl– showing that sodium is present in the forms of NaHCO3
and NaCl in such ground waters. TA shows strong positive correlations with HCO3-,Na+
and Mg2+but moderately strong positive correlation with Ca2+
showing that the total alkalinity of such ground waters is due to the presence
of NaHCO3, CaHCO3 and MgHCO3.
Strong
positive correlations of TH (total hardness) with Ca2+, Mg2+and
HCO3-show that total hardness for these different ground
waters, is due to the presence of CaHCO3 and MgHCO3.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
The
author is thankful to the principal, D.M. College of Science, Imphal for the
laboratory facilities provided for the research work and also to those local
people of different sampling sites, for their cooperation extended to the
author.
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